Grammar

Present Tense

S + Infinitive + O

To talk about habits.

To give general information.

To talk baout facts.

To talk about a fix schdule.

e.g

The shines in the East.

Deer feeds on grass.

Passive voice

We often prefer the passive when it’s not so important who or what did the actions.

Subject + be + Past Participle.

e.g

Active : Somebody cleans this room everyday.

Passive : This room is cleaned everyday.

Lingking verbs

is, are, has, have, look, seems, appear, belong, consist of, ect.

Functions :

To link between subject and object or complement.

e.g

Zebra and horses belong to mammals.

Lizard, snake, and komodo, are reptiles.

Derivative

General rules

A root is a word in its simplest/first room.

A prefix is a word element added to the beginning of a root to from a new word, e.g. dis-agree.

A suffix is a word element added to the end of a root to from a new word, e.g. teach-er.

Prefix and suffixes are used for building up new word with related meaning or of opposite meaning.

The adjective suffix ‘y’

Noun + ly       Adjective

e.g.

sand - sandy

sun - sunny

rust - rusty

cloud – cloudy

stone – stony

The noun suffix ‘ment’

Verb + suffix ‘ment’ = noun

e.g.

appoint – appointment

enrol – enrolment

argue – argument

The noun suffix ‘its’

Noun + its = noun

e.g.

guitar – guitarist

science – scientist

art –artist

terror – terrorist

pain - painist

A noun clause

A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun or noun phrase in a sentence. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject, object, and complement.

As a subject.

What you will say surprises them.

What happened to this childern made him cry.

As an object.

He should realize what hi wanted to do.

I asked the girl where she lived.

As a complement.

Text book and note book are what students need to study.

The problem is that the boy is trapped in a cave.

Adjective clause

To identify/ define the noun preceding it.

We use relative pronoun :

Who / that for people as subject,

Whom / that for people as object,

Which / that for the animals or things,

Whose for posession,

When for time,

Where for place,

Why for reason.

e.g.

Taylor bought a watch which was made in switzerland.

I saw the man who taught us english last year.

The house where the man live was on fire last night.

Conjunctions

To connect sentence with the sentence: noun with noun: adjective with adjective: adverb with adverb.

Never noun with adjective, ect.

Expressing contrast : although, in spite of, despite.

Expressing purpose : to, in order to, so that.

Expressing reason : because, for, since, as.

Expressing time : when, as, after, before, till, while.

Expressing condition : if, if only, unless.

e.g.

I didn’t come to the meeting because it rained cats and dogs.

The burglar broke into the house although it was locked.

The police came after the thieves had escaped.

Paired conjuctions

Not only ... but also ...

Both ... and ...

Either ... or ...,

Neither ... nor

Indirect speech

We used indirect speech to report what someone says. When we report a statement we use a reporting verb: says, and tell, and the noun clause of the statement.

e.g.

The doctor said that the operation had been successful.

The teacher told us that the test was postponed.

When we report order, advice, requests, offers, warning in direct speech we use tell, ask, warn, want, advise, and on object pronoun or noun with an infinitive with to or without to.

e.g.

The teacher asked us to be quiet.

Mother advised me not to come home late after school.

When a report is a yes/no questions, we use reporting verbs ask, wonder, and the noun clause from the questions.

e.g.

Brian asked if I had been recovered from my illness.

Garry wondered whether his brother completed his homework.

When a report is an asking for information questions, we use reporting verbs ask, wonder, and the noun clause of the question.

e.g.

Mrs. Ida asked when I flew to Singapure.

Mrs. Dewi asked me if her car has been repaired.

Past Perfect Tense, Simple Past Tense, and Past Continuous Tense

We use the simple past tense to show that the action lasted for a period of time in the past and it is completed.

e.g.

We had a wonderful breakfast this morning.

I joined the driving test to get the driving licence after I had leaened to drive for a month.

Tenses	Simple	Continues	Perfect Simple
Present	I work	I’m working	I’ve worked
Past	I worked	I was worked	I had worked

Past continuous tense

I was working on my paper last night.

Pronoun

Subjective pronoun : I, you, we, they, she, he, it.

Objective pronoun : me, you, us, them, him, her, it.

Possessive adjective : my, your, our, theirs, his, her, its.

Possessive pronoun : mine, ours, theirs, his, hers.

Reflexive pronoun : myself, yourself, ourselves, themselves, himself, herself, itself.

Modal verb

A modal verb always help the principal verb the express the mood of the subject and at the same it can indicate possibility, persuasion, ability, and willingness.

Main modal are : shall, should, can, could, will, would, may, might, must, ought to, ect.

Making request

e.g.

Would you wait for me please?

May I come in, please?

Seeking or giving permission

e.g.

May I use your car, please?

May I use this seat, please?

Expressing obligasion

e.g.

You must complete your assignment in one week.

We should be grateful to david for his help.

Expressing ability and possibillity

e.g.

Linda can drive to school.

Father might be at home.

If Clause

If clause type I

If Clause, Main Clause

Main Clause, If Clause

There is possibility that the situation will happen in the fiture

If + simple present, S + will/shall + V1

If + simple present, V1 (imperative)

e.g. If it is hot, she will turn on the AC.

If you don’t invite him to the meeting, he won’t come.

The supporter will give applause, if their team win the game.

If you want to succeed in the final exam, work hard.

If you don’t pay him, the repairman won’t repair your bike.

*if not=unless

The unreal conditional sentence

Type II : un true in the present time

S + would + V1, if + S + V2

e.g. I would like to visit her, if she called me.

Fact : she doesn’t call me so I don’t visit her.

Type III

S + would + have + V3 , If + S + had + V3

e.g. They would have pass the final exam if they had studied hard.

Fact : They didn’t study hard, so they didn’t pass the final exam.

Source : Buku bahasa inggris ( Advanced Learning English 2, Herman Benyamin, Facil)